Regardless of material choice (wire, rod or composite), there are two main types of lateral rigging configurations, referred to as Discontinuous or Continuous rigging. In this blog we outline the differences between them, their relative pro’s and cons, and finally the impact of different standing rigging materials.
What is Discontinuous and Continuous Rigging?
Discontinuous standing rigging is where there is a physical junction / termination of the individual shrouds at each spreader tip. For example, at spreader 1 the V1, V2 and D2 are all individual cables which are seated in the tip-cup (N.B. refer to this previous blog article for a description of standing rigging terminology).
Continuous rigging is where the shrouds run from deck level up to the mast and pass through the spreaders, rather than being terminated. On a mast with wire shrouds continuous rigging is quite common. On small boats with a one spreader rig it is completely logical for the single cap shroud to run from deck chainplate to the top of the mast. On a two spreader rig it is also common practice for the D2 to run down to deck level which means there are two wires making up the V1.
However, with bigger 3-spreader masts, you normally see a transition to a discontinuous setup, or some sort of hybrid. The wire cap shroud may still be full length, but rather than having the D2 and D3 shrouds running down to deck level, they are terminated at the spreader tip.
As masts get bigger There are a number of reasons why discontinuous rigging becomes more practical.
- The greater the number of spreaders the bigger the load differences between the different rigging elements. On a 5-spreader rig for example, the V5/D6 is only supporting the load of the topmast, whereas the V1 is carrying the load from the whole rig. In addition, vertical loads are generally higher than diagonal loads. Therefore, discontinuous rigging allows the break strength and stiffness of each individual vertical / diagonal stay to be optimised, thus reducing weight.
- Spreader tip loads are significant and it is very important that spreaders are kept perpendicular to the mast. Therefore, securely clamping a continuous shroud to the spreader tip is essential to prevent vertical movement of the spreader. As loads increase, it gets harder to securely clamp a wire to the spreader tip and a physical junction becomes easier to manage.
- Finally, the practical handling of shorter lengths of discontinuous rigging, off the boat, is far easier than long continuous wires.
The primary downside of discontinuous rigging is the increased weight and cost associated with multiple cable terminations / junctions at each spreader tip.
Materials vs Configuration
Wire - We see a split between small rigs (continuous) and big rigs (discontinuous) for the reasons outlined above.
Nitronic 50 rod offers significant performance benefits over wire and dominated the race scene through the 70’s – 90’s. A number of factors meant that discontinuous rigging was the logical configuration:
- Its rigidity meant that Nitronic rod was very difficult to coil and practical handling limitations forced it away from continuous.
- The relatively small, compact and lightweight rod terminations limited the weight penalty and allowed cable sizes to be optimised over the standing rigging package.
PBO (Polybenzoxazole - for those that are interested!) was the first, super lightweight, composite fibre rigging material which started to take over from rod, in the grand prix racing scene, during the 1990’s. PBO is a very slippery fibre and difficult to terminate. Cables are built using a winding process where an individual fibre tow is continuously wound around two end terminals, creating a fibre loop to the required strength / stiffness (the more rounds of the fibre, the stronger the cable). As each cable is custom made, this allowed mast designers to fully optimise cable specifications to their individual load requirements.
Future Fibres PBO Cable
PBO is coilable and continuous rigging is practically possible. However, the terminations are extremely light and the ability to customise cable specs over the rig outweighed the weight/windage of the spreader junctions. Therefore discontinuous became the norm, in all cases except 1 and 2 spreader rigs.
Carbon
There are two general types of carbon rigging: solid carbon rods or bundles of small carbon rods.
Solid carbon rods are a lightweight version of Nitronic rods and lend themselves to a discontinuous set up, for general boat owners. A number of manufacturers do offer continuous solid carbon but this is generally reserved for grand-prix race teams, performance cruising yachts (+70ft) and superyachts. On the boat, continuous solid carbon offers THE best performance solution, but practical limitations of handling long lengths of solid carbon off the boat requires creates some logistical headaches.
Carbo-Link solid carbon rod
However Future Fibres ECsix / ECthree is made up of hundreds of 1mm carbon rods bundled together which give it enough flexibility to be coiled. The game changer with this product is that the number of rods in the cable can be reduced over its length which means you can optimize the load carrying capabilities of the cable e.g. a larger V1 section which is gradually reduced down as you go up the rig.
Future Fibres ECthree carbon rod bundle
By filling the bundle with resin at the spreader junctions, it becomes a solid, low profile and very stable junction at the spreader tips. This junction also allows the smaller diagonals to be merged with the main vertical. The combination of coilability and the ease of changing the cable specification over its length means that virtually all ECsix rigs, from single spreader through to 6 spreader superyachts, are continuous.
ECsix Carbon rigging on 66m superyacht
Conclusion
Continuous standing rigging offers the ultimate performance solution however its application is dependent on material properties and the number of spreaders / size of the rig. Practical handling plays a big part in the decision process and there are trade-offs to be made between increased weight and windage of spreader tip junctions with optimising sizes for each rigging cable.
If you would like to explore the options for a retrofit to composite rigging on your boat please use the link below, or contact us at support@upffront.com
